How to Write a Research Paper

How to Write a Research Paper How to Write a Research Paper How to Write a Research Paper A research paper is not an essay that presents your own interpretation of evaluation of the argument.   While writing a research   paper, you need to integrate your personal knowledge and thoughts on specific problem with the secondary publications.   The initial aim of research paper writing is to gather enough information on specific case and critically assess it.   Thus, while writing a research paper you use your own thoughts and ideas, but also try to find out what experts know or say about the problem. Research paper writing is about locating the best possible information in the field of your investigation. The main point of the research paper writing is to learn more about a topic. Research paper writing requires refined research skills to write what you have learned in an organized, readable form. Writing a research paper involves reading what scholars and critics have said about a particular topic and evaluating it. Research Paper Writing Research paper is an individual study.  The success of the research paper depends on how well the student can conduct research, analyze and organize the information and present it clearly in a written form. Your essay may focus on analysis of the topic and its solutions, from both historical and current perspectives for example. You can take a stand on the topic and defend it against opposing points of view. Thus, your research paper should present arguments for and against. Research Paper Ideas First, you need to define a good research paper topic. Choose a topic which interests and challenges you, the one which is not widely discussed, the one which is thoroughly researched.   Second, find information, arrange your ideas and make outline. Once you know what you want to talk about and you have written your thesis statement, you're ready to write body of your research paper. While writing the central part of your research paper, keep thesis statement in mind and avoid presenting irrelevant information.   For example, if your topic is abortion legislation, avoid touching moral side of abortion issue because it is not relevant to your initial purpose of research paper writing.   All ideas should be supported with examples and evidence. It is very important to reference many articles to lead your reader through your ideas. Add linking sentences between the paragraphs and develop ideas either chronologically or thematically. There can be many different conclusions to the s ame research paper depending on who your readers are and where you want to direct them. The last task is proofreading. Check carefully spelling, grammar, sentence structure, punctuation. Custom Written Research Papers Why to order custom written research paper?   First, guarantees 100% plagiarism free essay delivery.   Second, we provide free plagiarism report.   Third, we are never late with research paper delivery.   Forth, our writers are educated and experienced, there is no topic we cannot research. Fifth, you can request unlimited number of revisions.   Place an order and get 100% plagiarism free custom written research paper prior to deadline!

Battle of Port Hudson - Civil War Battle of Port Hudson

Battle of Port Hudson - Civil War Battle of Port Hudson The Battle of Port Hudson lasted from May 22 to July 9, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union troops final take control of the entirety of the Mississippi River. Having captured New Orleans and Memphis in early 1862, Union forces sought to open the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two. In an effort to prevent this from occurring, Confederate troops fortified key locations at Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA. The capture of Vicksburg was tasked to Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Having already won victories at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh, he began operations against Vicksburg in late 1862. A New Commander As Grant commenced his campaign against Vicksburg, the capture of Port Hudson was assigned to Major General Nathaniel Banks. The commander of the Department of the Gulf, Banks had taken command at New Orleans in December 1862 when he relieved Major General Benjamin Butler. Advancing in May 1863 in support of Grants effort, his principal command was the large Union XIX Corps. This was comprised of four divisions led by Brigadier General Cuvier Grover, Brigadier General W. H. Emory, Major General C. C. Augur, and Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman. Port Hudson Prepares The idea for fortifying Port Hudson came from General P.G.T. Beauregard in early 1862. Assessing defenses along the Mississippi, he felt that the towns commanding heights which overlooked a hairpin turn in the river provided the ideal location for batteries. Additionally, the broken terrain outside of Port Hudson, which contained ravines, swamps, and woods, helped make the town extremely defensible. Design of Port Hudsons defenses was overseen by  Captain James Nocquet who served on the staff of Major General John C. Breckinridge. Construction was initially directed by Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles and continued by Brigadier General William Nelson Rector Beall. Work pressed on through the year though delays ensued as Port Hudson had no rail access. On December 27, Major General Franklin Gardner arrived to take command of the garrison. He quickly worked to enhance the fortifications and constructed roads to facilitate troop movement. Gardners efforts first paid dividends in March 1863 when the majority of Rear Admiral David G. Farraguts squadron was prevented from passing Port Hudson. In the fighting, USS Mississippi (10 guns) was lost.   Armies Commanders Union Major General Nathaniel Banks30,000 to 40,000 men Confederate Major General Franklin Gardneraround 7,500 men Initial Moves In approaching Port Hudson, Banks dispatched three divisions west with the goal of descending the Red River and cutting off the garrison from the north. To support this effort, two additional divisions would approach from the south and east. Landing at Bayou Sara on May 21, Augur advanced toward the junction of the Plains Store and Bayou Sara Roads. Encountering Confederate forces under Colonels Frank W. Powers and William R. Miles, Augur and Union cavalry led by Brigadier General Benjamin Grierson engaged. In the resulting Battle of Plains Store, Union troops succeeded in driving the enemy back to Port Hudson. Banks Attacks Landing on May 22, Banks and other elements from his command quickly advanced against Port Hudson and effectively had surrounded the town by that evening. Opposing Banks Army of the Gulf were around 7,500 men led by Major General Franklin Gardner. These were deployed in the extensive set of fortifications that ran for four and half miles around Port Hudson. On the night of May 26, Banks held a council of war to discuss an attack for the following day. Moving forward the next day, Union forces advanced over difficult terrain towards the Confederate lines. Beginning around dawn, Union guns opened on Gardners lines with additional fire coming from US Navy warships in the river. Through the day, Banks men conducted a series of uncoordinated assaults against the Confederate perimeter. These failed and his command sustained heavy losses. The fighting on May 27 saw the first combat for several African-American regiments in Banks army. Among those killed was Captain Andre Cailloux, a freed slave, who was serving with the 1st Louisiana Native Guards. Fighting continued until nightfall when efforts were made to retrieve the wounded. A Second Attempt The Confederate guns briefly opened fire the next morning until Banks raised a flag of truce and asked permission to remove his wounded from the field. This was granted and fighting resumed around 7:00 PM. Convinced that Port Hudson could only be taken by siege, Banks began constructing works around the Confederate lines. Digging through the first two weeks of June, his men slowly pushed their lines closer to the enemy tightening the ring around the city. Emplacing heavy guns, Union forces began a systematic bombardment of Gardners position. Seeking to end the siege, Banks began planning for another assault. On June 13, the Union guns opened with a heavy bombardment which was supported by Farraguts ships in the river. The next day, after Gardner refused a demand to surrender, Banks ordered his men forward. The Union plan called for troops under Grover to attack on the right, while Brigadier General William Dwight assaulted on the left. In both cases, the Union advance was repulsed with heavy losses. Two days later, Banks called for volunteers for a third assault, but was unable to obtain sufficient numbers. The Siege Continues After June 16, fighting around Port Hudson quieted as both sides worked to improve their lines and informal truces occurred between the opposing enlisted men. As time passed, Gardners supply situation became increasingly desperate. Union forces continued to slowly move their lines forward and sharpshooters fired on the unwary. In an effort to break the deadlock, Dwights engineering officer, Captain Joseph Bailey, oversaw the construction of a mine under a hill known as the Citadel. Another was begun on Grovers front extending under Priest Cap. The latter mine was completed on July 7 and it was filled with 1,200 pounds of black powder. With construction of the mines finished, it was Banks intention to detonate them on July 9. With the Confederate lines in a shambles, his men were to make another assault. This proved unnecessary as news reached his headquarters on July 7 that Vicksburg had surrendered three days earlier. With this change in the strategic situation, as well as with his supplies nearly exhausted and no hope of relief, Gardner dispatched a delegation to discuss Port Hudsons surrender the next day. An agreement was reached that afternoon and the garrison formally surrendered on July 9. Aftermath During the Siege of Port Hudson, Banks suffered around 5,000 killed and wounded while Gardners command incurred 7,208 (approx. 6,500 captured). The victory at Port Hudson opened the entire length of the Mississippi River to Union traffic and severed the western states of the Confederacy. With the capture of the Mississippi complete, Grant turned his focus east later that year to deal with the fallout from the defeat at Chickamauga. Arriving at Chattanooga, he succeeded in driving off Confederate forces that November at the Battle of Chattanooga.

Country Case Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Country Case Report - Research Paper Example With the support of the named institutions, governments can collectively come up with a balance in there social programs competition so as to encourage social innovation and confidence. Globalization does not need plain trade-offs between social protection and competition. The ability of the respective governments as well as global institutions to take on collective actions has so far been underestimated to the extent that politics of globalization has to be reviewed and refurbished. This applies to the North Korean politics of globalization which has been experiencing both ups and downs (Carlin and Joel 102). Considering the domestic political economy of North Korea, the leadership of the country has in the past been the greatest worry to its economic reforms. Its foreign policy has in many ways ended up on the wrong side of the international bodies and other countries. A good example is the nuclear issue that created a hostile international environment working against its internal reforms. However, this should not be an excuse for the country not to have better reforms in relation to globalization. The domestic dynamics have a bigger role to play. The politics and leaders of North Korea have openly returned to an approach that is more controlled to economic policy. The changes in these policies have had significant implications on the North Korean strategies and intentions of economic commitment. Economic inducements like the joining the international financial institutions, sanctions lifting or engaging in regional cooperation that are more –formalized have not really worked out as most stakeholders wished it could. The current regime is in favor of targeted transfers that are to the advantage of the leaders. The transfers involve; heavy shipments of oil, direct cash payments and food aids (Noland and Gordon 90). This form of globalization can be considered as being hyperglobalists. As the economy of North

Zara Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Zara Strategy - Essay Example Economic In spite of the eurozone crisis and economic recession, UK’s GDP has reduced to a mere 0.2 % compared to the overall industry growth, which has dropped by 0.6%.N According to eminent economists, the unemployment rate will increase to 9% in the coming two years. Around two million people will remain unemployed. The retail clothing market of UK is constantly increasing. According to Key Note report (2012), the UK market showed a 3.3% increase in 2011, and sales reached 43.1 billion pounds. Women’s garments were the largest sector in terms of sales revenue followed by men and children’s sector (Chakrabarti, Subramanian, Meka, & Sudershan, 2012). Social There has been a 7% rise in age group which represents the working population. Because of this, more people are now including formal clothing as their daily wear. This means that in future, Zara may also be required to change its portfolio, in order to match the growing needs of this ageing population. Due to the current economic crisis and budget deficit, the purchasing capacity of the consumers has reduced. Now, sustainable and normal living standard has become a challenge for the local people. To get rid of the difficult financial condition, the UK government has taken the policy of managed migration.... Technology Latest technological advances such as RFID, electronic data exchange and ERP, are used by most of the retailers in UK to decrease operation costs and enhance the value chain process (Pettigrew, 2006). According to the Science and Innovation Investment Framework (2013), there has been only 2% increase in investment in technological advances. This has made the investment condition in UK very inflexible Environment In order to meet the environmental norms, set by Kyoto Protocol, the industries need to reduce the percentage of carbon emission to a minimum of 9% from the present rate. According to the government protocol, the foreign countries in UK need to decrease their Carbon footprint to a minimum of 20% in the coming two years (Unfccc, 2013). Thus, in order to sustain in the market, Zara will have to follow the protocol in its value chain. Legal According to the economic freedom journal’s index, UK has been ranked seventh in terms of free economy (Index of Economic Freedom, 2013). It has also been praised by Wall street Journal for its business and economic sustainability. To solve any labour related issues, the country strictly follows the rules and regulations of European Union Labour Law. This indicates a necessary change in the HR policies and regulations of Zara’s business process to comply the EU Guidelines. Porter Analysis The major categories of apparent industry in UK are men’s wear, children’s wear, and women’s wear. The industry value can be calculated by using Retail Selling Price (RSP). Total Revenue of the Industry CAGR Women’s wear Men’s wear Children swear $54,495 million (2011) 2.1% 59.2% 26.9% 13.9% (Source: Marketline, 2012b) Growth potential of

Study design report & analytical planning and data analysis Essay Example for Free

Study design report analytical planning and data analysis Essay Part 2 STUDY TWO (Open file 1. 2. sav dataset) RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Factors related to birth weight outcomes specifically for this study: 1. Are there differences between three birthweight groups in maternal lead level? 2. Is maternal age at first childbirth associated with birth weight? BACKGROUND: It has been suggested by previous research findings that maternal blood-lead levels as an environmental factor is an apparent predictor of low birth weight; another possible explanatory factor of low birth weight relates to the maternal age of the mother. This study aimed to explore relationships between maternal blood lead levels, and maternal age (at first childbirth) with any observed differences in birth weight as a pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Life style information, maternal blood lead levels measured by micrograms per decilitre ( µg/dl), age of mother (years) and infant birth weight (grams) was collected from 250 consecutive (first-time) mother-infant pairs from hospital delivery departments in four Brisbane hospitals. Pregnancy outcomes (weight) were verified by consulting medical records. Lead was determined by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (Whole Blood). Birth weight was recoded into three classes: Low birth weight (2500g); Lower end of normal (2500-3000g) and Normal (3000g). Additional notes: Lead exposure adversely affects the cognitive development and behaviour of young children . Regarding ‘LEAD EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY’, according to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), the acceptable blood lead level is 10 ug/dL. US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1999. . Write an unambiguous analytical plan to address the research question/s in the box above. Please note that the data required for this question are located on file1. 2. 1. What are the variables involved in answering the research question/s, e. g. independent dependant variables; In the first research question, the independent variable is the maternal lead level, while the dependent variable is birth weight of the infants. In the second research question, the independent variable is the age of the mother at first childbirth and the dependent variable is birth weight. 2. What is their level of measurement (type); All variables considered in this study birth weight of the infants, age of the mother at first childbirth and maternal lead level are ratio variables. Ratio variables are those which are measured on a scale where the distance from one point to another means the same things wherever the measurement is made on the scale. This scale is also characterized to have a true zero point representing the absence of what is being measured (Statistical Glossary, 2007) 3. Write-up the scientific hypotheses that you want to test to address the research question/s; The following hypotheses, stated in the null form, were tested at a 0. 05 level of significance : a. There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight. b. There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants. 4. What tables (numerical) and/or graphs would you use to summarise the associations once the data are collected and analysed? Provide ‘dummy’ tables and/or graphs with appropriate labels; The following tables summarize the associations revealed from the test of the first hypothesis. Table 1. Significant Differences in the Maternal Lead Levels When the Infants are Grouped According to Birthweight based on One-Way Analysis of Variance (? = 0. 05). Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of freedom (df) Mean Square F-value p-value Remarks Between groups 42. 492 2 21. 246 4. 350 0. 014 Significant difference in at least one pair of means Within groups 1206. 255 247 4. 884 Total 1248. 747 249 Table 2. Mean differences and p-values in the Maternal Lead Levels Among the Three Groups of Infants using Bonferroni Post-hoc Analysis Infant Groups Mean differences in Maternal Lead Levels (I – J) p-value Remarks I J Low birthweight Lower end of normal birthweight 0. 5952 0. 645 No significant difference Normal birthweight -0. 3895 1. 000 No significant difference. Lower end of normal birthweight Low birthweight 0. 5952 0. 645 No significant difference Normal birthweight -0. 9848 0. 011 Maternal lead level Significantly Higher in normal weight infants Normal birthweight Low birthweight 0. 3895 1. 000 No significant difference Lower end of normal birthweight -0. 9848 0. 011 Maternal lead level Significantly Higher in normal weight infants The following tables summarize the associations revealed from the test of the second hypothesis. Table 3. Relationship Between Maternal Age at Childbirth and Birthweight of Infants (? = 0. 011) Variables Correlation. Coefficient p-value Remarks Maternal age of mothers at first childbith (independent) vs. Birthweight of infants (dependent) 0. 18 0. 004 There is significant slight correlation between maternal age of mothers at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants. 1 Hypothesis was tested using 0. 01 level of significance. Results of the test of hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† is shown in Table 3. 5. Provide a statement of the statistical test(s) that will be appropriate to test the hypotheses; To test the hypothesis that â€Å"There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight†, the best statistical treatment to use is one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA at a 0. 05 level of significance. When the computed p-value, which for this study is 0. 014 is less than the level of significance, which is 0. 05, there is significant difference in at least one pair of means. To evaluate, which of the means differed, a post-hoc analysis is conducted. Since there are only three groups, the conservative Bonferroni multiple comparisons test is applied. P-values from the post hoc analysis indicate which of the pairs of mean differed. To determine which of the two means that differed is actually higher, either the descriptives which shows the means of the groups or the mean difference in post-hoc analysis results may be used. To test the hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† correlation analysis is employed at a 0. 01 level of significance. The resulting value of the correlation coefficient was interpreted using the following table : Table 4. Interpretation of Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (Monzon-Ybanez, 1997) Coefficient Range Interpretation 0. 00  ± 0. 20  ± 0. 20  ± 0. 40  ± 0. 40  ± 0. 70  ± 0. 70  ± 0. 90  ± 0. 90  ± 1. 00 Slight correlation; almost negligible relationship Low correlation; small relationship Moderate correlation; relationship substantial High correlation; marked relationship Very high correlation; Very dependable relationship Correlation is significant if the p-value generated is less than the specified level of significance. 6. Provide a list of assumptions that will need to be met to apply the test(s) validly; To validly apply ANOVA, the following assumptions must be satisfied : the distribution of the data to be analysed should be normal and there should be homogeneity of variance. Normality may be simply checked using Q-Q plots or with statistical tests like Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro Wilk. Homogeneity of variance is verified using Levene’s test (Becker, 1999). In a correlation analysis, relationship between the independent and dependent variables are supposed to be concurrent, or in other words, both variables are in the same time frame (Jensen, 2005). 7. Provide a statement of the levels of significance, that you will use to test each hypothesis; The hypothesis that â€Å"There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight† was tested at a level of significance (? ) of 0. 05. The hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† was tested at a level of significance (? ) of 0. 01. 8. Finally, provide a sentence or two that you would present to the researchers to explain the results at both a descriptive (univariate) and inference (bivariate) level. Results of a one-way Analysis of Variance revealed a significant difference in the maternal lead levels among the three groups of infants grouped according to birth weight, with an F-value of 4. 350 and a p-value of 0. 014. Post hoc analysis via Bonferroni multiple comparisons test suggested that the mean of maternal lead levels of the group of infants with normal birthweight (4. 4052  ± 2. 37333) are significantly higher (p=0. 011) than the mean of maternal lead levels of the group of infants at the lower end of the normal birthweight (3. 4214  ± 1. 55170). No significant differences were noted on the other pairs of means. On the other hand, a correlation analysis performed at 0. 01 level of significance implied significant slight correlation (Pearson r = 0. 18, p-value=0. 004) between maternal age at first childbirth (32. 11  ± 5. 274) and birthweight of infants (3204. 47  ±620. 986). References Becker, L. (1999, July 7). Explore: Assumption testing for ANOVA.Retrieved April 11, 2008, from The University of Colorado at Colorado Springs: http://web. uccs. edu/ lbecker/spss80/explore2. htm. Jensen, A. (2005, August 10). Correlation Analysis. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from California State University, Sacramento: http://www. csus. edu/indiv/j/jensena/ mgmt105/correl01. htm. Monzon-Ybanez, L. (1997). Basic Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines : Phoenix Press, Inc. Statistical Glossary. (2007). Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www. statistics. com/resources/glossary/r/ratioscale. php. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. (2006). Version 11. 0. [CD-ROM] Chicago, Illinois.

Bed Time Stories of the Saints Essay -- Children Stories Kids Essays

Bed Time Stories of the Saints When children are young, it can be difficult for parents to teach them certain skills and lessons to live a good life. For example, toilet training a young person is something all parents suffer through and most of the time it is hard for them to teach their young ones how to use the bathroom. Several methods have been developed by psychologists, pediatricians, and other scholarly people on the toilet-training process. In addition to this, children’s books are published that are strictly directed at teaching children about their own bodily functions, and using the restroom. The language used, the illustrations, and the delivery of the language, is directed at children. Even children’s bibles are made because children cannot comprehend, or hold the attention to the King James version on the Bible, and so the stories of the bible and its teachings are rewritten in a language children can understand, as well as presented in a manner that will hold a child’s att ention. This same approach is used for Catholic stories of their saints in order to teach children about them and their lives that they lived, which reflects how the Church instructs its followers to live in order to go on to everlasting life with God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Each children’s story evaluated, although directed to teach children, or to help the parents teach the child, also contains a certain sub-text, and by comparing the same children’s stories to those written for adults and the general public about saints, and by examining the authors intent, as well as the intent of the Catholic church, the importance of these different story styles and their purpose will be determined. The first story analyzed will be th... ...ersion of a saint’s story is read, the reader will learn something different and take something different from each one. Works Cited De Cantimpre, Thomas. The Life of Christina the Astonishing. Trans. King, Margot H., David Wilijer. 2nd ed. Toranto, Canada: Peregrina Publishing Company, 1999. De Pizan, Christine. "Saint Catherine." The Book of the City of Ladies. New York: Persea Books, 1982. 217. De Voragine, Jacobus. "Saint Cecilia, Saint Catherine." The Golden Legend. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993. 318. Lee, Frank C. SS R. Bedtime Stories of the Saints. Vol. 2. Liguori, Missouri: Liguori Publications, 1980. Lee, Frank C. SS R. Bedtime Stories of the Saints. Vol. 1. Liguori, Missouri: Liguori Publications, 1980. Potter, Giselle. Lucy's Eyes and Margaret's Dragon. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1997.

International Monetary Fund Essay

The question â€Å"To what extent has the International Monetary Fund contributed in revamping the Nigerian economy since the 1980’s?† is a question that helps us to evaluate the true impact of international monetary policy.   In order to further understand the meaning of this question, this paper will examine the following subjects – 1) the meaning of the question, 2) the significance of the question for International Relations scholars, 3) how the question relates to other published work in the area, and 4) what methods would be employed to answer the question. First of all, the question is directly focused on economic impacts.   However, the question is not simply a matter of metrics, because the question is directed at procedural changes as well.   The question is focused on the restructuring of the Nigerian economy.   To only use economic metrics would fail to address the consequences restructuring entails.   When the IMF releases money to a country, they stipulate conditions that the country must meet. Therefore, the question is also directed at the matching the directives of the IMF with the implementation within Nigeria.   The question is not asking if the IMF has had a positive or negative impact on Nigeria, so value judgments can be left aside.   However, there are several hidden economic impacts.   Structural changes to the workforce, changes in occupations, and new roles within the economy are all more difficult to measure, but can be considered a result of economic policy.    Therefore, the question means 1) what are the economic stipulations of the IMF from the 1980’s until now, 2) has the Nigerian government met the requirements of the IMF, 3) what restructuring has occurred within the Nigerian economy as a result of the IMF, 4) what economic measures can be attributed to these changes, and 5) what are the indirect economic impacts of the IMF policies. International relations scholars are interested in this question because the answers yield important data on the impacts of policy.   International relations scholars are often consulted on questions of policy.   It is therefore in their best interest to know the impacts of policies made in the past.   In this regard, they are historians.   First of all, it is critically important for International Relations scholars to understand what the IMF has attempted to revamp within the Nigerian economy by tracing the stipulations as they were made. Additionally, the scholar can look at the Nigerian government’s ability to meet the demands of the IMF.   How well were they able to integrate the changes required by the IMF.   Were there consequences that required new policies in the future?   In tracing these policy changes, the scholar can also piece their own picture together of what the IMF did well (what was effective), and what changes needed to be made in direction in order to achieve effectiveness.   They can also have a unique insight into the culture and politics of Nigeria, as well as the internal culture and politics of the IMF. At this point, the International Relations scholar can also know what economic measures are affected by differing types of policies and requirements.   Additionally, they can make recommendations on what types of correlations can be found between initiative and their impact.   Perhaps some of the most valuable information for International Relations scholars, however, is related to the indirect impact of the IMF’s policies. When looking at the restructuring of the Nigerian economy, the International Relations scholar is able to examine the changes within the population, how people moved around, the changes in families, etc.   This type of information allows for a more comprehensive picture of economic change and the effects policy can have on cultural change.   Also, this may highlight the challenges represented by a more powerful entity interacting with a less powerful entity on a global scale. There has been much written about Nigeria since the 1980’s.   There are environmental reports, malnutrition reports, and economic reports.   However, these all approach Nigeria from a different perspective than the direction of this question.   This question seeks to directly explore the impact of IMF policies and economic aid on the revamping of the Nigerian economy.   As such, this question seeks to provide supporting information of the changes in Nigeria.   It seeks to trace change related to IMF policies alone.    It is impossible to completely know what current conditions in Nigeria are caused solely or even primarily by the IMF policies, however by focusing on the IMF, widespread impacts can be evaluated from IMF policies.   It is taking the infusion of money and change of monetary policy as the starting point and looking for the economic aspects affected.   One of the main sources for research on these types of development programs is found with the World Bank.   A particularly useful document is â€Å"The Evolution of Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria, 1982 – 1992.†[1]Using this document and also information from the IMF, the scholar can tie together the policies of the IMF and the effects. In order to study such a complex issues, a rigorous approach will need to be taken.   It is the most difficult to know the indirect impacts of the IMF’s economic policies.   It is undesirable to claim that changes were a result of IMF policy, if in fact, they owed their existence to a governmental or environmental change.   However, the economy is so closely entwined with all aspects of life, the implications of the IMF policies will be seen to have far-reaching consequences. Therefore, we can begin by examining the Nigerian economy and economic statistics in 1980, and comparing them with the present day to get snapshots of the economic health of Nigeria at these two points in time.   These snapshots, however, encompass other economic influences other than the IMF programs.   Then the specific policies of the IMF and their objectives are compared to the resulting economic changes to see if the stated goals have been achieved via metrics. Also involved in this analysis is the ability of the Nigerian government to implement the changes required by the IMF.  Ã‚   This area of analysis is perhaps the easiest, as the initiatives of the IMF are easily available.   However, information on the implementation and the implementation’s challenges may be more difficult to find.   Looking at a timeline of IMF policies, one can also deduce what was effective or not effective.   If a policy was ineffective, then in a later cycle we should find a correction or an abandonment of the program. The internal structure of the government and economy can also be viewed.   The way that money flows and what directions can be measured.   It is important to see structural change since the 1980’s.   The Nigerian government worked with the IMF to develop the National Economic and Empowerment Development Strategy in 2004.[2]   This document reviews previous policy and also lays the groundwork for future work between the IMF and the Nigerian government. This report focuses on structural changes – highlighting the importance of revamping the Nigerian economy. Additionally, looking at the basic economic unit – the household – can show structural changes ass well.   By looking at these structural changes, the real question about revamping the economy can be answered.   Of course, this type of analysis also looks at the indirect effects of economic change.   These are difficult to measure, but by tracing newspaper stories and major events in Nigeria, it may be possible to trace events back to economic policy decisions. Overall, the question of the effectiveness of the IMF’s policies to restructure the Nigerian economy is a very important question with implications for future policy consideration and also a deeper understanding of the past. Now that the world is becoming smaller and national boundaries are being crossed with money and policy, it is more important than ever to understand the impact of economic policy.   Additionally, with the prevalence of capitalism and modernization, the effects of economic policy on third world nations must have a thorough understanding. Reference List International Monetary Fund, The Nigerian Economic Reform Program, IMF, 2005, retrieved 10 January 2007    World Bank, The Evolution of Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria, 1985-92, World Bank, 1997, retrieved 10 November, 2007, < http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/poverty/databank/DocNav/default.cfm> [1] World Bank, The Evolution of Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria, 1985-92, World Bank, 1997, retrieved 10 November, 2007, < http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/poverty/databank/DocNav/default.cfm> [2] International Monetary Fund, The Nigerian Economic Reform Program, IMF, 2005, retrieved 10 January 2007